A Profile In Diversity: Aloes

            Welcome back to another episode of Lost In The Farmer’s Market, where we take a look into varied topics regarding sustainability, horticulture and organic practices.  This blog post was delayed, but for a good reason. On Saturday the 10^th the ‘Build a better Block’ festival was held on the 1200 block of Haymount in town. Since I’m a supporter of all things local I was present and accounted for at the event after the usual Fayetteville City Market. In case you don’t know about the event, the event organizers altered traffic patterns made extra pedestrian and bike paths, had live music, five food trucks and all kinds of festivities. It was a hell of an event, and I hope they do another in the fall or next spring. But due to my work with Leclair’s General store, I had to squeeze a lot of work into just a few days so I was too busy to organize this post for the 8^th as planned. Of course, Sunday I was visiting coma-land so this update does arrive late but there is a good reason for it and I hope you will all understand. Before we dive into this week’s topic, I should warn all of you readers in the Fayetteville area, we apparently have several extremely cold nights coming up. Tonight (Monday the 12^th) it is supposed to dip down to 34 degrees, Tuesday it is supposed to reach 32 degrees and Wednesday it is supposed to hit 30 degrees. Now we all know that things are in bud right now or have broken bud, if you cannot bring it in or put as tarp over it I advise that if you didn’t get rain today thoroughly water it. Desiccation is a primary vector for frost damage and protecting your plants may be necessary depending on your own micro-climate.

            Now, speaking of things that don’t tolerate frost at all; today’s topic is a look into the diversity of the Aloe family. The first thing you should know is that there are three primary branches on the aloe family tree. The two closest relatives are the Gasteria and Haworthia groups who are both so closely related to aloes that they can cross-pollenate and produce viable offspring with traits of both parents. This post isn’t covering the Gasteria or Haworthia groups as that might be a topic for a later set of posts. As I noted earlier Aloes and frost do not mix, and even the most durable aloe still will suffer potentially serious damage if expose directly to temperatures under 32 degrees. The whole business of ‘watering before a frost to limit desiccation’ schtick may not work with aloes because cold and wet soil is a formula for root or crown rot. Beyond this, aloes are largely care free, they do not require a lot of water, barely any fertilizer and any basic potting soil is ok for them. Despite what a lot of plant guides, houseplant books and magazines claim, aloes generally do not need a special soil mixture if you are only watering them when absolutely dry and then only as absolutely necessary. From what I can tell the additional organic matter found in a basic potting soil mix seems to encourage more aggressive root growth which is a good thing. I do not advise using a potting soil that has fertilizer incorporated into it as that could promote growth at the wrong time of the year that you have no control over.  Likewise, because I get the question very often, potting soil is a very specific product, it is not the same as garden soil, topsoil, compost or seeding soil. Potting soil tends to have a noticeable amount of perlite, peat moss the occasional but of bark or wood chips and generally is blended to be light weight. The blend of potting soil is geared for weight and moisture retention because it’s expected to be used in conjunction with potted plants which by definition you may need to pick up and move from time to time. Cactus soil is nothing more than a very sand-heavy version of potting or top soil that does not hold moisture very well and is practically designed to be nutrient deficient which is why some come with encapsulated fertilizer products mixed in. Besides, you can get a 2.8 cubic foot bag (79 liters/about 30 lbs) of potting soil for 13.00 before tax at a garden center whereas you generally can only get an 8 quart bag of miracle-gro cactus soil for $4.77 so of course if you must add sand it’s cheaper to get the bigger bag, then add sand as needed. Obviously, Miracle-Gro does not make products that are by any definition of the term sustainable, or organic which is why you will never see me shilling for them anywhere. But comparing the costs here for $20.00 I get just shy of 31 liters (32 quarts) of the cactus soil, whereas with the big bag I get 79 quarts and can buy a 50lb bag of coarse sand for $5.00 and still it costs slightly less than $20.00 after taxes. There is no economic advantage to miracle-gro products nor pre-made cactus mix.

            Getting back on track, aloes are fairly tolerant and can take full sun however, you must gradually introduce them to it as they can scorch if you just toss them out in the full sun. During the summer I often get queries regarding why someone’s aloe is now a funny color, and most of the time the Aloe’s natural protection against full sun has come into play and it’s a got a faint reddish-orange color. This is the Aloes way of blocking certain wavelengths of light and increasing its resistance against being in the sun. It is a neat but temporary defense mechanism for the warm months but aloes go back to their normal green colors over the cold months. But, let’s talk about some actual aloe specimens.

Aloe vera – Medicinal Aloe

            Aloe Vera is the true medicinal aloe that is commonly grown for use in beverages and in some skin care products. The other aloe grown for the purpose is Blue aloe or Aloe glauca which is more commonly called cosmetic aloe and it is more commonly found in skincare products. In general, all Aloe plants have gel but the overall quality and quantity of gel varies widely. I always recommend that anyone who intends to take aloe internally should consult credible publications on its use as well as a credible practitioner of herbal medicine just to make sure there are no biological interactions that could send you to the emergency room. In terms of care aloe vera is very uncomplicated, it can grow well in a variety of lighting conditions but generally prefers partial sun or bright filtered light. It can take full sun (8+ hours) but you need to slowly introduce it to that lighting condition so there is no leaf scorch. Aloe vera prefers its soil on the dry side and does fine in normal potting soil as long as you allow the soil to completely dry out after you last watered it.  As a final note and this applies to most if not all aloes; aloes do not need to be frequently repotted and are more likely to produce offshoots and blooms when they are pot bound. The pictured example was only moved into the 14” pot you see after it became so root bound that the above ground part of the plant always weighed more than the below-ground parts of the plant so it would constantly need support and topple over.

As a final note, true medicinal aloe has an incredible number of botanical Latin names that are considered synonyms. Aloe Vera is the current accepted name, but it is also known by the following names in some publications; Aloe barbadensis, Aloe barbadensis var. chinensis, Aloe elongata, Aloe flava, Aloe indica, Aloe lanzae, Aloe maculata, Aloe perfoliata, Aloe rubescens, Aloe variegata, Aloe vera var. chinenesis, Aloe vera var. lanzae, Aloe vera var. littoralis and, Aloe vulgaris. So, in short will the real aloe vera please stand up?

 

Aloe melancantha var. erinacea – Goree Aloe

            This is a strange little hybrid, it’s apparently super-slow growing, rare and is from the more arid parts of Nambia where it is called “Goree”. This succulent is considered a sister species to Aloe Melanacantha which is similar but often noted to be larger and is from the Namaqualand areas of the western parts of south Africa. Now with that said, the biggest threat to this species is habitat loss and illegal collecting. Given how interesting this small specimen looks and what internet searches have indicated it looks like at a larger size the desire for it is understandable.

 

Aloe ellenbeckii – “Fat-Leaf Aloe”

            This aloe is also known as Aloe dumetorum in some botanical listings. I’ve taken to calling it ‘fat-leaf aloe’ because it’s leaves are almost cylindrical unlike the roughly D-shaped cross-section of Aloe vera leaves. I think that is this plant has similar medicinal or cosmetic properties to medicinal aloe or blue aloe it could be the next big thing for gel extraction.

 

Aloiampelos ciliaris – Climbing Aloe

            I admit my specimen got the crap kicked out of it this winter, but it’s holding on and seems to be recovering somewhat. Climbing aloe has a growth habit at odds with other aloes in that it grows from a central stem upright at a rate that you can easily see over the course of several months. This makes it one of the fastest growing aloes I’ve ever seen though it lacks in the gel department so that’s an odd trade-off. This aloe was formerly known as Aloe ciliaris but the name was changed within the last year or two for some reason.

 

Aloe descoingsii – Miniature Aloe

            I’ve had this aloe in the collection for several years and it started as a single stem plant then expanded into a colony. This was the first true clustering aloe I’ve ever owned and it seems to be immune to a lot. I suspect this aloe escaped damage because the geometry of its leaves and its clustering habit controls airflow which prevents frost from doing much damage. I’m not sure testing this theory outside the green house is particularly wise.

 

Aloe quicksilver x rare flare – Silver Ridge Aloe

            This aloe seems to break with normal care instructions for aloes as every few years it has a fair amount of dieback and then regenerates itself. With that said it is a clustering type that offsets readily and really only requires occasional watering.

 

Aloe hybrid – Grassy Lassie Aloe

            Labelled for Zones 8-11, it seems to be a hit or miss proposition in Fayetteville North Carolina. Given the three weeks of very cold temperatures that started in the last week of December 2017 and wrapped around into January 2018, I don’t think this aloe would have made it in the ground. However, as an indoor plant for the winter and an outdoor display for the summer it should be just fine. This plant tried to bloom back in January but the flower stalks were frosted off. I should note that there is little gel in this succulent’s leaves.

 

Aloe hybrid – Christmas Carol Aloe

            I have offered a few of this hybrid through LeClair’s general store and its uniquely textured leaves and coloration captivated succulent and cacti enthusiasts who saw it. This specimen was given to me by a vendor at the Fayetteville city market as a small offset and well it’s still small but it’s got room to grow.

 

Aloe deltoideodonta – ‘Checkerboard Aloe’

            This variety of aloe doesn’t have a common name so instead of confusing customers with its Latin name I came up with the name ‘Checkerboard Aloe’ because the white dots on the leaves are somewhat square shaped and admittedly a 1984 song about playing chess was on the radio at the time and the common name was born. This aloe has been popular since day one, the big wide leaves, the odd variegation pattern and the fact that older specimens like the one pictured can curl their leaves down over the pot’s rim make it unique.

 

Aloe hybrid – Snowstorm Aloe

            This little succulent is an offset from a much larger plant that was a special order. The white patterning on the leaves makes it interesting to look at while it unlike a lot of decorative aloes has relatively thick gel-filled leaves. This means that it may have some medical uses if you need it, and if not in a dark ceramic pot it’s a conversation starter.

 

Aloe hybrid – Minnie Belle

            For months I was calling this one ‘Minnie Ball’  which is literally the name of the projectile fired out of muskets during the American Civil War. Then I went to research this aloe’s bloom colors and found out the error…fortunately Minnie belle sounds like a character from ‘Gone with the Wind’ so it made for a minor change and in a military town the change didn’t hurt sales. Minnie Belle Aloes are generally single-stem and with age as older leaves fall off or are removed they end up with a palm tree look which with decorative gravel can be quite striking. None of the specimens I’ve sold or the one picture have demonstrated any ability to side-branch or produce offsets thus far which makes it a bit like the Climbing Aloe in form but slower growing.

 

Aloe Striata – Coral Aloe

            For note this isn’t my photo, I lost my specimen plant during the big 2018 freeze in January. The picture above is from StrictlyMedicinalSeeds.com and is the best representative of Aloe striata that one might buy at a nursery. This plant is structurally pleasing because it’s leaves are oppositely placed and can curl a bit giving a nice form that is a bit random as no two plants do the same exact thing. The variegation on this succulent consists of glaucous blue-green leaves with a white line with red tinges running down the leaf margins. Its bloom is where it gets its name as the flowers are tubular and bright Coral-pink and are on stems that can be up to two feet long.

 

Aloe hybrid -  T-Rex

            Speaking of Aloes with issues, this hybrid was bought on discount at a garden center early last year and I think I know why it was on discount. T-rex aloe despite its macho name tends to get root rot at the drop of a hat for no real good reason. Look at it really hard, root rot, sneeze near it, root rot, observe the air speed velocity of an unladen swallow and you guessed it root rot. However, this specimen seems to have ignored frost damage thus far and seems to be in good health so maybe it was just what they did to it at the garden center. Honestly, at this rate I may have to get an anatomically correct doll depicting a succulent and hold it out near this aloe to find out where the bad men at the garden center touched this plant. Joke aside, thus far the basic aloe rules of care seem to apply but with even less watering requirements.

 

Gasteria x Aloe hybrid – Midnight Aloe

            Technically a gasteria-aloe hybrid is called ‘x Gasteraloe’ or some such, but I would imagine that is confusing to the average reader of this blog so it’s simpler to use the standard indicator of a cross between two plants via pollen transfer. Generally speaking in the plant world, a hybrid is created through a transfer of pollen or assisted sexual reproduction which sets it apart from plants created through genetic manipulation or GMO plants. I have this plant here because I mentioned earlier that Gasteria, Haworthia and Aloe are so closely related that they can produce hybrids and Midnight aloe is one that resembles aloes enough that it’s common name ignores that it is a hybrid.

 

Aloe hybrid – Walmsley’s Bronze Aloe

            Walmsley’s Bronze aloe is the harder to find of the two popular Walmsley aloe hybrids. The other is Walmsley’s Blue aloe and that can be found intermittently in garden centers fairly easy. In terms of care it basically needs to be treated like an Aloe vera, but with the proviso that it is a little bit more susceptible to root rot and that it’s color may make it more resistant to scorching in full sun

 

Aloe hybrid – Silver Star Aloe

            Silver star aloe is similar to silver ridge aloe and may be related directly to one of its parents. This aloe has a similar form and growing habit to silver ridge but it’s white coloration is more pronounced and it seems more prone to root rot and or random stem dieback. Otherwise this aloe is fairly easy to deal with.

This brings to a close the first post of March 2018 and a decent look at the biology, growing habits and nature of the Aloe family. For note this is where the advertising starts because it keeps the Test Garden’s supplied. As always barring terribly wet and cold weather or illness I still manage a vendor’s space at the Fayetteville City Market at 325 Maxwell street between 9:00 am and 1:00 pm on Saturdays. I sell several things during the winter/early spring months and they are:

Fresh Foods:

Soup Kits, with Turnips - $6.00

Soup Kits, with Parsnips - $6.00

Whole Garlic –  $1.00

Fresh Ginger, 3.0+ ounce bags - $2.00 each or three for $5.00

Plants Available Now:

Parris Island Romaine Lettuce – $3.00

Lacinato/Dinosaur Kale – $3.00

Italian Parsley – $3.00

Spinach, Nobel - $3.00

Kohlrabi, Purple Vienna - $3.00

Chives - $3.00

Tansy - $3.00

Coming Soon:

Basil, Sweet Genovese (in April)

Burnet (a perennial herb that adds flavor to salads)

Swiss Chard

Redbor Kale (a kale so curly and crimson that it will make the neighbors jealous)

English Thyme

Sage

Winter Savory

Lavender (several types)

Santolina (aka Lavender-Cotton)

If the market isn’t your thing or your schedule does not allow you to go there my premium exotic house plants can be purchased in attractive clay pots with unique embellishments at LeClair’s General Store. LeClair’s General Store is located on 1212 Fort Bragg Road in Fayetteville North Carolina.

This is their Facebook Page:

https://www.facebook.com/leclairsgeneralstore/

Most recent deliveries to Leclairs:

1x Terrarium - Blue Torch cactus, Pilosocereus azureus.

1x Terrarium - Tiger Jaw Plant, Faucaria tigrina.

1x Terrarium - Miniature Arrowhead Vine, Syngonium podophyllum ‘mini pixie’.

2x 7.5” Rimless pot - Spider Plant, Chlorophytum cosmosum.

1x 4” Standard clay pot - String of Pearls, Senecino rowleyanus.

1x 4” Standard Clay Pot - Chinese Evergreen, Agaonema species ‘maria’.

3x 5” Rimless Pot - Tree Philodendron, Philodendron selloum.

These days I am generally at the store at least twice a week, maintaining stock and/or delivering new materials so if you go to visit the store there is a fair chance I’ll be present to answer your questions. If not, you can always send me questions through this blog or visit the farmer’s market or pay attention to what Sustainable Neighbors is doing at the link below.

https://www.meetup.com/SustainableNeighbors/

            This brings to a close the fifth LITFM post of the new year, stay tuned the next episode which should be posted on the 22^nd of March. The topic will be: A Profile In Diversity: The Prickly Pear Family. The next post will be the last in the winter of 2018 diversity series and after it LITFM will return to a weekly outdoor garden topic format for the growing season, thank you for sticking with us and stay tuned for some cool garden topics.

The world outside your window

Welcome  back to another episode of LITFM, normally there would be a longer intro but the topic being tackled covers a detailed subject with examples and space is tight so, enjoy this look into biological diversity.

 

Today’s topic of discussion is the basic concept of biological diversity. The  reasoning to speak about this here comes from a number of conversations at the farmer’s market booth over the summer. I hear a lot of folks saying something like ‘there’s more than one type of…” which amazes me. When you think about it the aforementioned is a surprising statement because at the supermarket there are many types of produce often side by side to match personal preferences. This sort of thing makes me wonder why it’s so surprising to some out there that there are differing types of plants otherwise. Case in point, one of our most common medicinal plants Aloe barbadensis or Aloe Vera is well known but other varieties in the family are relative unknowns.

So let’s start with the biology of our example plant and address the idea of biological diversity. Now the aloe is a good example of a species that is well adapted to its climate which is for the most part arid regions of Africa. This of course means that the Aloes have several critical survival features for the climate. If you ever were to dig up a aloe and remove all the soil you would see a rather good portrait of a traditional arid climate succulent plant. The main feature below the surface is the thick primary root which is more or less a tap root that has evolved to push through dry desert soil to find moisture. If the Aloe you’re looking at was pot bound you might see a number of thick roots all of which were geared towards finding moisture and nutrient despite what the arid climate’s soil conditions might be. Above ground you would see the central growing point or the crown, and a number of alternating pattern triangular leaves each more of then then not swollen with fluids. Those fluids in the leaves includes a slimy mucilage that acts as a counter for water loss due to damage and as a predatory deterrent.  If you can imagine having a mouth full of something slippery and terrible tasting like dish soap you sort of get the idea. It’s not pleasant and while more complex animals might have means to handle this, in most cases insect pests are undone by it. This feature in turn ensures the species survival, despite being a biological oddity to us and indeed part of the plants medicinal allure.

All of this is an adaptation to handle the specific climate in which the aloe grows specifically arid places where soil quality and moisture are at a premium. The aloe itself reproduces in two ways, by flower and by producing clones of itself. The first part about flowers is pretty standard; the aloe will eventually bear a group of tube shaped flowers in a long stalk. If pollenated these flowers will produce some form of fruiting body which then disperses the offspring of the plant. Alternately aloe is also able to clone itself by producing vegetative structures called offsets or ‘pups’. Thes mini aloes are connected to the mother plant by little underground stems and generally serve to expend the area the central plant occupies while also acting as a very efficient means to out-compete competition. But this is not all; these offsets if separated from the mother plant say by the mother plant being eaten; will continue on and as noted prior be exact genetic copies of the mother. Some variation on this asexual reproductive aspect is seen across the entire cactus and succulent spectrum. For instance stressed rhipsalis and Christmas cacti will often ‘shatter’ and shed their fleshy pads or branches as a means to get the branches to hopefully land in another pocket of soil thus keeping the species alive. Likewise the Prickly pear under certain conditions will shed its fleshy pads to perform the same action. The massive Sanguaro cactus will occasionally shed its ‘arms’ to do the same with odd results.  So these succulents are biologically set to survive and do so just fine without our intervention.

This leads to a question, how much diversity could there be in one given family if the core stuff is rather efficient already? Well you would be surprised, as with song birds and their amazing variety of colored plumage, plants are equally adapted to their specific niche and thus numerous varieties exist. So lets take a look at what variety is out there in the aloe family.

Aloe barbadensis - Aloe Vera

Your typical medicinal aloe much like a head of cabbage is the poster child for the family because we know it so well. To the point that the natural populations of it may not exist anymore. This is the sad part of the Aloe family’s story, it’s most known member is grown exclusively in cultivation as no known natural stands of Aloe Vera are known to exist. On the other hand in cultivation aloe has gone farther than would otherwise be possible and to climates far beyond the native range of the originating plant.

Aloe ciliaris – Climbing Aloe

Climbing aloe is an example of an regional adaptation. Unlike Aloe Vera climbing aloe grows less in arid places but within the thickets of the Eastern Cape of Africa. In order to climb this aloe has developed leaves that are hook like in shape allowing it to rapidly use other plants as support to get to the top of the thorny thickets it grows in. Furthermore it is noted as being the fastest growing aloe which is another adaptation to ensure its survival in a densely competitive environment.

Aloe deltoideodonta – Stemless Aloe

It’s hard to say why stem less aloe is how it is but the shortened stems could be a surface area reduction adaptation for an exceedingly hot climate. Less stem means less hight means less area exposed to transpiration. The odd checker board pattern on the leaves could be a form of mimicry designed to break up the plant’s shape as it might look a bit like gravel or coarse sand at a glance.

Aloe dorotheae – Sunset Aloe

Sunset aloe is critically endangered in its native habitat of Tanzania due to over collecting. Like Aloe Vera it is preferred for its medicinal qualities but unlike Aloe Vera it is a slow grower no doubt due to its genetics having not been selected for vigor or that it’s environment does not encourage rapid growth It does display the odd trait of turning bright orange-red in response to long-term exposure to bright sunlight. This adaptation is seen in most aloes as a chemical-pigment defense against the sun’s light scorching the plants. In the case of sunset aloe the defense is to an extreme that makes it quite attractive. It may be that cultivation will preserve this plant from complete extinction.

Aloe nobilis x A humilis – Crosby’s Prolific Aloe

Crosby’s prolific is a man-made cross between two species of aloe golden tooth aloe and spider aloe to make a cross that resembles true Aloe Vera in that it has fat leaves but the limited leaf length seems to suggest otherwise. Time will tell if it’s crossing to produce a new plant yields any medical uses but the possibility that this plant is an aggressive grower could be useful

Aloe quicksilver x 'Rare Flare' - Silver Ridge Aloe

Silver Ridge Aloe is one of the few completely ornamental aloes out there. Each leaf has a number of warty bits on it that act in function to toughen the epidermis of the leaf. The side effect is that the leaves are rather flat and there is little available gel. On one hand this plant is hard to predate but on the other it’s probably tougher then leather. Either way its an interesting cross.

Aloe variegata – Partridge Breast Aloe

Partridge breast aloe is another example of a primarily ornamental aloe because of its thin leaves which yield far less gel then the more succulent varieties. Found naturally in the arid or semi-arid regions of South Africa the partridge-breast or Tiger aloe has been in cultivation for some time. Its adaptation seems to be a form of natural camouflage in the form of its color and the shape of its leaves being a reasonable counter to moisture loss due to the shape and angle of the leaves. Another unrelated plant, the Snake Plant Sanseveria trifaciata uses the same strategy of banded leaves with a v-shaped cross section

With all that said you can see that there is some clear variation in just one family of plants, which means that of course if you keep your eyes open you should be prepared to see some cool stuff.  The objective of this article was to demonstrate the potential variety out there. Now this is a handful of examples compared to the vast ocean of species int he trade but hopefully it illustrates the variability of a species. Hopefully you now understand that, what you see most often may not be entirely the case with whats out there. Some say we need to go to space to discover, but indeed personal discovery can be had at your local nursery or plant supplier. But speaking of local plant suppliers you can find the BL2/LITFM table teamed up with the Sustainable Neighbors every Saturday, between 9am and 1pm at the Fayetteville City/Farmer’s market. The market is located at 325 Franklin Street which is the street address of the Fayetteville Transportation museum. The market is located in the Museum’s parking lot and the area is surrounded by free or reduced cost parking.

The Stuff that’s on sale: (last week for this stuff folks!)

4x Pepper, Habenero (Spicy)

1x Pepper, Yellow Banana

1x Pepper, Sweet Ghost

2x Herb, Horehound

House Plants:

2x Medicinal Aloe

1x Dancing Bones Cactus

4x Silver Ridge Aloe

2x Desert Rose

Perennials:

2x Coneflower, Magnus

Vegetables:

6x Cabbage-Collards, Morris Heading

1x Onion, Egyptian

-I’ll probably toss a few extras on the truck this week so check the table if you can!-

Coming Next Week:

20x Collards, Morris Heading Type

15x Asian Cabbage, Napa Type

12x Lettuce, Salad Bowl

20x Kale, Lacinato/Black Cabbage/ Dinosaur

Coming Soon:

6x Asian Cabbage, Senposai

10x Mustard, India

??x Mustard, Japanese Red Giant (Spicier then normal R.G.)

??x Mustard, Red Giant

With that said this brings to a close another episode of LITFM, feel free to hit up the booth for more info or a copy of Southward Skies while you’re at the market. As always if you have a garden question I’m ready to answer it so go ahead and as either here or in person! As always folks keep ‘em growing!